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Article History

Received: 5 November 2025

Accepted: 8 January 2026

First Online: 5 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Stanford University Institutional Review Board (IRB-70882) and by the Comité de Ética Científico de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile (Proyecto Nº 198–2023, Acta Nº 182). All participants were adult residents and provided written informed consent prior to participation. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations (including the Declaration of Helsinki). Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05906173 (registered June 7, 2023).

: The image in Supplementary Material C depicts members of the research team with a pediatric mannequin; no real patient is shown. Written consent for publication has been obtained from all identifiable team members in the figure and can be provided upon request.

: M.R., R.Y., A.R., J.P., C.A., P.P., A.P., and Y.Z. declare that they have no competing interests. T.J.C. serves on the board of Invincikids, a nonprofit organization that aims to distribute immersive technologies to improve pediatric care. He receives no compensation for this role. The Stanford Chariot Program has received philanthropic gifts from Meta Inc. and Magic Leap Inc.