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Article History

Received: 23 October 2025

Accepted: 9 January 2026

First Online: 21 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not require formal approval from an institutional review board (IRB) or ethics committee, as confirmed by the supervisors at both participating institutions; The University of Aberdeen (School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition) and Kuwait University (Faculty of Medicine). The project was undertaken as part of a medical education elective and was considered exempt from full ethical review in accordance with institutional and national research regulations.

: Not applicable. This study does not include any identifiable personal data, images, or other individual details requiring consent for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.