Document is current

Article History

Received: 27 June 2025

Accepted: 12 January 2026

First Online: 17 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involved the analysis of student course evaluation questionnaires conducted as part of routine educational activities. The study did not involve the collection or use of biological specimens, nor did it collect identifiable medical, physiological, psychological, genetic, or health-related information from individual participants. According to Article 4 of Taiwan’s Human Subjects Research Act , human subject research is defined as research involving the obtaining, investigation, analysis, or use of human specimens or an individual’s biological behavior, physiological, psychological, genetic, or medical information. As the present study did not involve any of these categories, it did not fall within the scope of regulated human subject research under the Act. Furthermore, pursuant to the Ministry of Health and Welfare announcement issued on July 5, 2012 (Document No. 1010265075), studies involving educational assessment, instructional methods, or evaluation of teaching effectiveness conducted in general educational settings are exempt from Institutional Review Board (IRB) review. As this study constituted a course evaluation and teaching effectiveness analysis conducted in a general educational environment and involved minimal risk, ethical approval was not required in accordance with national regulations in Taiwan. Participation in the course evaluation was voluntary, and the requirement for written informed consent was waived due to the anonymous and non-interventional nature of the study. Nevertheless, the study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Participation in the course evaluation was voluntary, no identifiable personal data were collected, and the requirement for written informed consent was waived due to the anonymous and non-interventional nature of the study.

: Not Applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.