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Article History

Received: 13 November 2025

Accepted: 13 January 2026

First Online: 28 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was carried out as a retrospective cross-sectional study utilizing data that had been gathered earlier. No new data were gathered from participants, and no individuals were reached out to for this study. All data underwent anonymization/de-identification before analysis. The research protocol received review and approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Aja University of Medical Sciences (ID: IR.AJAUMS.REC.1403.229). Informed consent was not necessary since the study presented minimal risk and utilized pre-existing data. All procedures adhered to applicable national standards and regulations. Additionally, the researchers adhered to the guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The confidentiality of students’ data was maintained, and their educational and career status was not threatened. The principles established by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) were upheld throughout this study.This research was carried out with the supervision of the Education Development Center and Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology at Aja University of Medical Sciences from the approval of the proposal until the study’s completion, and it was reviewed and validated by two peer reviewers. The results were communicated to the research setting and Aja University of Medical Sciences officials.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.