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Article History

Received: 26 November 2024

Accepted: 13 January 2026

First Online: 23 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Ajou University Hospital (Ethics consent No. AJOUIRB-DB-2024-392). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Ajou University Hospital Institutional Review Board, as this was a retrospective study analyzing student engagement and clinical performance confidence based on simulation-based educational methods implemented in the respiratory medicine clerkship as part of the regular curriculum of Ajou University School of Medicine. The study utilized data collected after completion of the educational program and included the entire cohort of participating students. The IRB determined that the impact on the safety, rights, and welfare of the students was minimal, thereby justifying the waiver of informed consent. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.