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Authors
Jiang, Yali
Zhao, Juanjuan
Li, Kun
Zheng, Jing
You, Liming
Zhu, Xiaowen
Zhou, Wei
Cao, Xi
Bai, Yang
Wang, Xixi
Wang, Wenxia
Hu, Simin
Wang, Chunyi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Sun Yat-sen University 2024 Teaching Quality Engineering Project (No. 53000-12253004)
2024 Guangdong Provincial Higher Education Teaching Research and Reform Project (Department of Education of Guangdong Province〔2024〕30)
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Article History
Received: 23 July 2025
Accepted: 21 January 2026
First Online: 29 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Department of Education Administration and the ethics committee of Sun Yat-sen University. All participating students provided informed consent. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The platform has desensitized learner information, so neither teaching staff nor other learners could see the personal information of any individual learner. The dataset used in this study was fully anonymized by the MOOC platform prior to being provided to the research team. No identifiable personal information was accessible at any stage of the analysis.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
