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Article History

Received: 23 September 2025

Accepted: 22 January 2026

First Online: 30 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The research project underwent ethical review and received approval from the Ethics Review Committee of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Approval No.: TJ-IRB202410012). This study fully adheres to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Prior to participation, all participants were provided with a clear and detailed explanation of the study’s objectives and procedures, ensuring that their involvement would not affect their professional relationships or standing within the organization. To prevent any potential coercion, invitations to participate were distributed through anonymous surveys rather than by direct supervisors or colleagues. Written informed consent was obtained online from all participants, who were explicitly informed that their participation was entirely voluntary, and they had the right to withdraw or decline participation at any time without any negative consequences. To protect participants’ privacy, responses were kept anonymous, and no personal identifiers were used in the presentation or analysis of the results. Confidentiality was strictly maintained throughout the study. Data were anonymized during both the collection and analysis phases, with responses linked to unique identifiers instead of participants’ names. All data were securely stored in a password-protected electronic database, accessible only to the research team. Data collection was carried out by a research assistant to ensure that supervisors and colleagues were unaware of which participants took part in the study, thereby further safeguarding participant confidentiality and preventing any undue influence.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.