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Article History

Received: 5 July 2024

Accepted: 23 January 2026

First Online: 2 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The ethics commission of the seventh hospital affiliated to sun yat-sen university (shenzhen) approved this study (No. KY-2024-040-02). Informed consent was obtained from all study participants. To ensure methodological rigor and ethical compliance, the following measures were implemented: (1) Participant Recruitment & Informed Consent: Study participants were independently recruited by a third-party institution, with explicit written assurance that “participation would have no bearing on clinical rotation evaluations or future employment prospects”. (2) Interviews Data Collection Protocols: For in-person assessments (e.g., resuscitation group evaluations), sessions were conducted in a neutral setting (outside the teaching meeting room), with no instructors or evaluators present. (3) Ethical Oversight & Compliance: The study protocol underwent rigorous review by the institutional ethics committee and received a dedicated risk- benefit assessment from the affiliated university’s Institutional Review Board (IRB); Mid-study monitoring included an anonymous student satisfaction report, which confirmed no instances of marginalization or adverse consequences due to non-participation.

: This manuscript has not been published or presented elsewhere in part or in entirety, and is not under consideration by another journal. All participants who attended the training and all authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript, and consent to its publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.