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Authors
Xing, Wenjing
Ju, Huanyu
Pei, Chunying
Guo, Yongli
Tian, Linlu
Ling, Hong
Guo, Tieyun
Cao, Bo
Ma, Jian
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Heilongjiang Provincial Higher Education Teaching Reform Project (SJGZY2024060)
Heilongjiang Provincial Higher Education Teaching Reform Project (SJGZY2024055)
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Article History
Received: 1 November 2025
Accepted: 27 January 2026
First Online: 6 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study involving human participants was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki ( ). The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Harbin Medical University Institutional Review Board (Approval No. HMUIRB2025078). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment. To protect participant privacy, all data were de-identified prior to analysis, stored on password-protected and access-restricted institutional computers/servers, and accessed only by the research team. All findings are reported in aggregate form only, and no individually identifiable information is included in the manuscript.
: Not Applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s identifiable data.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
