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Authors
Wang, Ji-nuo
Lv, Hanbing
Sun, Yi
Cao, Wen
Jiang, Luhua
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medical Education Reform Project of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine (jgzx2025009)
“AI for Education” Project of Zhejiang University
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Article History
Received: 24 September 2025
Accepted: 27 January 2026
First Online: 2 February 2026
Declarations
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: All data were anonymized prior to analysis: personal identifiers such as names, student ID numbers, and other potentially identifying information were removed. Only aggregated or coded data were used for statistical analyses, ensuring that individual students could not be identified. The study was assessed by the Medical Ethics Committee of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, which granted a waiver of formal ethical approval (No. 2025-001). Informed consent was deemed not required by the Medical Ethics Committee of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, as only anonymized educational data were used. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
