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Article History

Received: 5 October 2025

Accepted: 28 January 2026

First Online: 6 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted as part of a curriculum evaluation and quality improvement project within the urology internship at Peking University Third Hospital. The intervention and data collection were reviewed and deemed exempt from requiring formal ethics committee approval by the hospital, as it involved anonymized assessment of standard educational practices with minimal risk to participants. The study was conducted in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All participating interns provided informed consent for the use of their anonymized educational data for research purposes.

: Written informed consent for publication was obtained from all individual participants whose identifiable data (e.g., images, case details) are included in this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable.