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Article History

Received: 28 October 2025

Accepted: 3 February 2026

First Online: 9 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The project was planned and carried out as an evaluation of a curricular educational activity without intervention, without collection of sensitive data, and without any performance-relevant consequences for participating students. Participant data were collected in a pseudonymized manner as part of regular teaching activities and in accordance with applicable data protection regulations (Austrian Data Protection Act 2000 and 2018; General Data Protection Regulation [EU] 2016/679). Based on these considerations and in line with institutional regulations for educational evaluations, the responsible Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Graz waived the requirement for formal ethics committee approval.Written informed consent for participation and for the use of pseudonymized data was obtained from all participants at the beginning of each course. (Supplementary Material, Appendix 1) Volunteers who served as models for the practical ultrasound assessments were informed about the procedures and minimal risks of diagnostic ultrasound and provided written informed consent prior to participation. (Supplementary Material, Appendix 1).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.