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Article History

Received: 13 October 2025

Accepted: 5 February 2026

First Online: 12 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involved only educational evaluation and psychometric testing of competency indicators and did not include any patients, biological specimens, or clinical interventions. The study protocol was reviewed by the Ethics Committee of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University (Guangzhou, China) , which determined that the requirement for formal ethical approval could be waived because the research involved only anonymous educational data and posed no potential risk to participants (approval waived; no reference number applicable).All Delphi expert panelists and survey respondents were fully informed about the study objectives, the voluntary nature of participation, and the confidentiality of their responses. Written or electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection.

: Not applicable. This study does not include any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos).

: The authors declare no competing interests.