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Authors
Buser, Julie M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0346-0710
Masumo, Maureen M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7886-3656
August, Ella https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5151-1036
Macha, Swebby https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0857-7432
Gray, Rachel https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2893-5019
Vwalika, Bellington https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5548-8187
Endale, Tamrat https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8938-5828
Ngoma-Hazemba, Alice https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7215-7670
Smith, Yolanda R. https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8617-0288
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Center for International Reproductive Health Training
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Article History
Received: 9 December 2025
Accepted: 17 February 2026
First Online: 21 February 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained prior to beginning the study from the University of Zambia Biomedical Research Ethics Committee (REF. NO. 5275 − 2024). The University of Michigan received an IRB exemption to conduct the study (HUM00203642). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
