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Article History

Received: 9 July 2025

Accepted: 18 February 2026

First Online: 12 March 2026

Declarations

:

: All supervisors from the four teams received an information letter and signed a written informed consent form prior to participation. Students, dental assistants, and visiting patients received an information letter explaining the observational nature of the study and were given the opportunity to opt out. The supervisors were the primary subjects of the study. The other individuals were part of the clinical and educational context in which the study took place, and were therefore informed but not directly studied.Ethical approval for this study, including the described approach to informed participation, was granted by the Ethical Review Board of the Netherlands Association for Medical Education (file number 2023.2.8). The ethical review process conducted by this board is in accordance with the principles set out in the Declaration of Helsinki ( ).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.