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Article History

Received: 18 November 2025

Accepted: 24 February 2026

First Online: 30 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional Ethics, Bioethics, and Biosafety Committee of Universidad de Concepción (CEBB No. 1463–2023), and all participants provided written informed consent. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Ethical Norms of the Pan American Health Organization for Research with Human Subjects, the Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile, Law No. 20.120 “On Scientific Research in Human Beings, Their Genome and the Prohibition of Human Cloning”, and Law No. 19.628 “On the Protection of Private Life”. It also adhered to the Suggestions for Writing an Informed Consent in Studies with Human Participants formulated by the FONDECYT/CONICYT Bioethics Advisory Committee and adopted by the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) of the Ministry of Science, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation of the Government of Chile.

: Participants were made aware of the purpose of the research and how their data would be used, ensuring their confidentiality and anonymity throughout the process. all participants provided informed consent.

: The authors declare no competing interests.