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Authors
Nalampang, Sakarat
Yanchinda, Jirawit
Prapayasatok, Sangsom
Charuakkra, Arnon
Kaewkhong, Kreetha
Järnstedt, Jorma
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Business Finland (80/31/2023)
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Article History
Received: 2 January 2026
Accepted: 11 March 2026
First Online: 19 March 2026
Declarations
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: Retrospective component:This study was conducted using retrospectively collected registry data and did not involve human experimentation or the use of human tissue samples. No individuals were imaged specifically for this research. According to Finnish legislation (Medical Research Act 488/1999; Act on the Secondary Use of Health and Social Data 552/2019) and the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR 216/679), retrospective studies based solely on registered data do not require ethical committee approval or informed consent. All procedures were performed in accordance with relevant national regulations and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval to use the imaging data was granted by the Research Director of Tampere University Hospital on 1 October 2019 (approval number R20558).Educational component:The educational component of this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere, Finland (ETL R25067/2025), which served as the lead institution. The study was conducted under a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on scientific research collaboration, valid since 2019, between the Department of Radiology, Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere, Finland, and the Department of Oral Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. The educational intervention involved undergraduate dental students using CI and VR platforms for learning tasks. No radiological imaging or clinical procedures were performed on participants, and the activities posed no risk beyond normal educational practice. Participation was voluntary, and all students were informed about the study objectives, procedures, and data usage. Participation had no impact on academic assessment or grading. All data were anonymized prior to analysis. All procedures were performed in accordance with relevant national regulations and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participating students provided written informed consent prior to taking part in the study.
: Written informed consent for publication was obtained from the patient depicted in Fig. 1.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
