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Article History

Received: 18 November 2025

Accepted: 17 March 2026

First Online: 21 March 2026

Declarations

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: The Institutional Review Board of the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University approved this study (No. KY-2024-040-02), and we conducted all procedures in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki 1975. We informed the participants about the aims of the study and then obtained written informed consent from them. To ensure methodological rigor and ethical compliance, the following measures were implemented: (1) Participant Recruitment & Informed Consent: Study participants were independently recruited by a third-party institution, with explicit written assurance that “participation would have no bearing on clinical rotation evaluations or future employment prospects”. (2) Interviews Data Collection Protocols: For in-person assessments (e.g., resuscitation group evaluations), sessions were conducted in a neutral setting (outside the teaching meeting room), with no instructors or evaluators present. (3) Ethical Oversight & Compliance: The study protocol underwent rigorous review by the institutional ethics committee and received a dedicated risk- benefit assessment from the affiliated university’s Institutional Review Board (IRB); Mid-study monitoring included an anonymous student satisfaction report, which confirmed no instances of marginalization or adverse consequences due to non-participation.This manuscript has not been published or presented elsewhere in part or in entirety, and is not under consideration by another journal. All participants who attended the training and all authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript, and consent to its publication.

: Since our manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos), this section is marked as “Not Applicable”.

: The authors declare no competing interests.