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Article History

Received: 6 August 2025

Accepted: 1 April 2026

First Online: 9 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (ID: IR.TUMS.VCR.REC.1398.875). An official introduction letter was obtained from the Educational Deputy of the School of Medicine, and coordination was made with the educational deputies of affiliated hospitals and supervisors of various clinical departments. Participation of medical residents was voluntary. The questionnaires were anonymous, and given the nature of the study, written consent was not required; oral consent was obtained from all participants before completing the questionnaires. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.