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Article History

Received: 28 January 2026

Accepted: 16 April 2026

First Online: 22 April 2026

Declarations

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: All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Army Medical University (Approval No. AMU20240522). According to the Ethical Review Measures for Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Humans (National Health Commission, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Science and Technology, and National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, No. 4 [2023]), this study met the exemption criteria specified in Article 32. Accordingly, exemption was also granted by the Ethical Review Committee of Chongqing Medical University (June 10, 2024), the Ethical Review Committee of Naval Medical University (June 21, 2024), and the Ethical Review Committee of Air Force Medical University (June 28, 2024). The exemption criteria were that the study posed no harm to participants, involved no commercial interests, and used fully anonymized data without personal identifiers or sensitive information. The study was explained to all participants, opportunities were provided for questions and comments, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. Data and identities were kept confidential and used only for the purposes of this study. All procedures were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

: The authors declare no competing interests.