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Article History

Received: 15 December 2025

Accepted: 5 May 2026

First Online: 9 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Research Ethics Committee (JEP-2025-234). Participation was voluntary, and informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants prior to data collection.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.