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Authors
Belay, Lalem Menber
Siebeck, Matthias
Sendekie, Tegbar Yigzaw
Fischer, Martin R.
Berndt, Markus
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
USAID health workforce improvement program
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Article History
Received: 16 January 2026
Accepted: 5 May 2026
First Online: 12 May 2026
Declarations
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: We obtained ethical approval for this study from the Ethiopian Medical Association Institutional Research Ethics Review Committee (Protocol No.: EMA.0061.01) and the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Institutional Review Board (Project No.: 24–0856). We conducted all procedures in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Before data collection, the principal investigator explained the purpose of the study and presented the support letter and ethical approval to the Dean or Chief Executive Director (CED) of the Medical School. To ensure confidentiality, medical school identifiers were not used, and all data were anonymized before analysis. The analysis was conducted using coded data to maintain the anonymity of participating institutions. Written informed consent was obtained from study participants.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
