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Authors
Cao, Yina
Pang, Liangyue
Meng, Wenhua
Tao, Ye
Yu, Lixia
Liang, Jingheng
Zhou, Yang
Lin, Huancai
Zhou, Yan
Zhi, Qinghui
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82201040)
Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China (2025A04J5291)
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Article History
Received: 4 January 2026
Accepted: 3 June 2026
First Online: 6 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University (Approval No. KOEC-2025-028-01). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations in ethical declarations. Informed consent was obtained from the participants or a parent and/or legal guardian, which along with the questionnaire.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
