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Authors
Zong, Gongli
Wang, Yongan
Fu, Jiafang
Zhang, Peipei
Niu, Panhong
Pan, Jihong
Yang, Meina
Han, Jinxiang
Shi, Liang
Wang, Lin
Cao, Guangxiang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Educational Teaching Reform Research Project of Shandong First Medical University (XM2024007)
the National College Students’ Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (1905, 2024)
the Shandong Province Undergraduate Teaching Reform Research Project – Key Project (Z2025213)
the Shandong Province Undergraduate Teaching Reform Research Project – Key Project (Z2024215)
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Article History
Received: 9 May 2026
Accepted: 5 June 2026
First Online: 9 June 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the School of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (approval number: 2021-07). The collected data were used exclusively for research purposes. Participation was voluntary, and written informed consent was obtained from each student before data collection began. All animal experiments were performed in strict accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations for laboratory animal care and use. All animal experiments were approved by the Laboratory Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences) (approval number: LS2021009). All procedures adhered to the 3Rs principles (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) and complied with the ARRIVE guidelines. Euthanasia was performed via intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital to minimize animal suffering.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
