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Authors
Umezaki, Yasushi https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0257-0062
Shinto, Ai
Yamashita, Natsumi
Kobayashi, Mizuki
Fujii, Mika
Tsuruhisa, Ayumi
Okugawa, Kaoru
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Saga Prefecture–Saga University Joint Project “TSUNAGI”
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Article History
Received: 14 February 2026
Accepted: 12 June 2026
First Online: 15 June 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Saga University (Approval No. R7-46). The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Health Research Involving Human Subjects in Japan. An opt-out consent procedure was implemented in accordance with institutional policy. The requirement for written informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee because the study involved analysis of anonymized educational data and posed minimal risk to participants. All data were anonymized prior to analysis, and participation did not influence students’ clerkship grades or academic evaluations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
