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Authors
Sha, Shanshan
Yang, Hanyu
He, Danni
Liu, Hengchao
Shao, Xinyu
Zhang, Yanli
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Teaching Reform Program of Dalian Medical University (DYLX24034)
Dalian Science and Technology Talent Program (2022RQ088)
Ministry of Education Industry-University Cooperation Collaborative Education Project (250503924091541)
Key Project of Teaching Reform Research at Dalian Medical University (DYLXZD25002)
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Article History
Received: 23 December 2025
Accepted: 22 June 2026
First Online: 27 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and collection of human urine was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University (2022109). The animal work conformed to NIH Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals approved by Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of Dalian Medical University. Permission number: SYXK (Liao) 2020-0001.
Consent for publication: Written informed consent for participation in the study and for the publication of related data and findings was obtained from all healthy volunteers prior to the commencement of the study procedures. All volunteers were fully informed of the study purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and agreed with the publication.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
