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Authors
Ji, Yifeng
Zhang, Xin
Han, Xikui
Xiong, Gang
Chen, Xinxin
Lu, Yuanyuan
Zhang, Qian
Sui, Shi
Yang, Zhiguang
Yu, Shupeng
Xu, Weina
Zheng, Guoliang
Zhang, Wenjie
Liu, Ying
Xin, Jun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Liaoning Province Science and Technology Joint Plan (2023JH2/101700195)
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Article History
Received: 16 April 2026
Accepted: 23 June 2026
First Online: 16 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. This retrospective analysis of teaching records was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University (approval number: 2024PS757K). All residents were fully informed of the anonymity prior to completing the questionnaire, and they voluntarily filled out and submitted the questionnaire on a voluntary basis. The requirement for written informed consent was waived because the study involved no more than minimal risk and used only existing educational data.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
