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Authors
Breivik, Jarle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1028-8234
Lie, Hanne Cathrine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8370-5422
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Oslo
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Article History
Received: 16 October 2025
Accepted: 29 June 2026
First Online: 3 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Data were collected anonymously as part of course-level educational quality-assurance activities at the University of Oslo. Under the Norwegian Act relating to Universities and University Colleges, universities are required to conduct systematic evaluation of their educational activities. The anonymous course-evaluation data were used for educational quality improvement and contained no identifiable personal information. According to institutional policy and guidance from the Norwegian Agency for Shared Services in Education and Research (Sikt), formal ethics approval, Sikt notification, and individual written consent were not required for this use of fully anonymized educational quality-assurance data. The study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Clinical trial number: not applicable.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
