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Article History

Received: 8 May 2026

Accepted: 14 July 2026

First Online: 25 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan (IRB No. 3305). Institutional permission was also obtained from Karachi Medical and Dental College before data collection. All methods were carried out in accordance with the relevant institutional guidelines and regulations and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participating students. Participation was voluntary, and students were informed that refusal to participate or withdrawal from the study would not affect their academic evaluation or standing. All data were anonymized before analysis, and confidentiality was maintained throughout the study.

Consent for publication: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any identifiable individual participant data, images, or personal information.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.