Document is current

Article History

Received: 13 February 2026

Accepted: 16 July 2026

First Online: 22 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Brown University Institutional Review Board (IRB) (STUDY00000572) as a Quality Improvement initiative. The IRB determined that the project did not constitute Human Subjects Research and that informed consent was not required. The work was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and all applicable institutional policies, including those related to FERPA compliance, and was reviewed by the Office of the Registrar for compliance oversight.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: J.K. and H.Z. are the founders of Dendro Education, LLC, established after the completion of this study. Dendro Education, LLC focuses on advancing and commercializing medical education products. As of submission, J.K. and H.Z. have not received payment from Dendro Education LLC, and Dendro Education, LLC has neither funded nor been involved in the study’s design or execution.

AI usage statement: OpenAI GPT models, Microsoft Copilot, and Grammarly were used in the initial editing of the manuscript with final revisions made by the co-authors. GPT Deep Research aided in collecting sources for the paper. GPT-4o was used to generate icons for Fig. 1. GitHub Copilot assisted in drafting analysis code. All AI outputs were reviewed by authors for accuracy and originality. Authors affirm that the contents of this manuscript represents original work.