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Authors
Jiang, Jiin-Ling
Wang, Jen-Hung
Ma, Yu-Chin
Fu, Shu-Ying
Lee, Yen-Fan
O Yang, An-Chi
Cai, Zhi-Han
Koo, Malcolm https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9242-9167
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Taiwan Ministry of Education Teaching Practice Research Program (PMN1135931)
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Article History
Received: 15 February 2026
Accepted: 12 August 2026
First Online: 15 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Taiwan (IRB113-030-B). Written informed consent was obtained from all participating students and clinical supervisors before data collection.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
