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Article History

Received: 22 January 2026

Accepted: 13 August 2026

First Online: 18 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Prior to the interviews, participants provided verbal consent. Participation was entirely voluntary, including the decision to record the interviews, and no incentives were offered. To ensure confidentiality, interviewees remained anonymous and the names of their work settings were deidentified. The study also received approval from the Central Ethical Committee at the University of Baghdad College of Pharmacy before data collection commenced.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.