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Article History

Received: 8 June 2026

Accepted: 18 August 2026

First Online: 21 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee (approval No. 2025-080; approval date: October 28, 2025). Students received information about the study purpose, voluntary participation, use of de-identified survey data, and aggregate reporting of results. Electronic informed consent was obtained before questionnaire completion. Declining participation or discontinuing the questionnaire before submission had no effect on course assessment. Student numbers were used only for duplicate checking and data quality control and were removed before data export. The analytic dataset contained no names or other direct personal identifiers, and survey responses were not used for grading or individual student evaluation.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.