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Authors
Zhang, Hongshi
Zhang, Xiaotu
Li, Lin
Zhu, Lili
Sun, Wanting
Zhang, Ye
Zhao, Yu
Li, Ruili
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Postgraduate Education and Teaching Reform Project of Jilin Province (JJKH20240049YJG)
Postgraduate Education and Teaching Reform Project of Jilin Province (JJKH20240036YJG)
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Article History
Received: 27 May 2026
Accepted: 24 August 2026
First Online: 3 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: All participants were informed that anonymized learning and assessment data might be used for research purposes, and participation was voluntary with no impact on academic evaluation or course grades. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection.This study involved postgraduate nursing students and was conducted as an educational teaching reform and evaluation project. The study protocol was submitted to and approved by the Science and Technology Ethics Committee of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine through expedited ethical review. No approval/reference number was issued.
Consent for publication: Not Applicable. This manuscript does not contain any identifying images, personal details, or clinical information of individual participants.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
