Jambi, Layal K.
Kabrah, Saeed M.
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Center for Excellence in Learning and Teaching (CELT), King Saud University (CELT-2609-312)
Article History
Received: 1 June 2026
Accepted: 7 October 2026
First Online: 9 October 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved and supported by the Center for Excellence in Learning and Teaching (CELT) of King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Reference No. CELT-2609-312). The CELT determined that formal full-committee ethical approval was not required, as the study constitutes a retrospective analysis of routinely collected, de-identified administrative records with no direct intervention on or contact with human participants. All student identifiers were removed prior to analysis; data were handled exclusively in aggregate form; and no individual student outcomes are reported. The study was conducted in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and in accordance with the applicable data governance regulations of King Saud University. Consent to participate was not applicable given the retrospective, anonymised, and aggregate nature of the data.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.