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Authors
Song, Yayun
Lin, Pu
Hu, Gang
Qu, Jia
Su, Zhenhong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hubei Provincial Teaching Reform Research Project for Undergraduate Universities (2025453)
Hubei Provincial Department of Education Science and Technology Plan Project (Q20244507)
Education and Teaching Research Program of Hubei Polytechnic University (2025A02)
2025 Medical Education Research Project of Medical Education Branch of Chinese Medical Association and National Center for Medical Education Development (2025B102)
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Article History
Received: 9 April 2026
Accepted: 1 June 2026
First Online: 5 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee of Hubei Polytechnic University (Approval No. Hbpu2025061). All procedures involving human participants were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, the ethical standards of the institutional research committee, and the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was conducted at Hubei Polytechnic University in China in November 2025. To ensure voluntary participation and minimise potential coercion, recruitment was conducted outside formal assessment contexts, and participation had no influence on students’ course grades or academic evaluation. Participants received an information sheet describing the study objectives, procedures, and data management practices, and written informed consent was obtained prior to data collection. All data were processed and analysed in anonymised form, and no personally identifiable information was retained.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
