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Article History

Received: 29 April 2026

Accepted: 19 June 2026

First Online: 6 July 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Public Health Ethics Review Committee of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (Approval No.: CAMS&PUMC-IEC-2025-135). The ethical approval document, including the official seal, is provided as a supplementary PDF file in the manuscript submission system. The research was conducted in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations for studies involving human participants. The questionnaire was fully anonymized and did not reveal any of the participants’ personal information or any other detail that could be used to identify them. A form to obtain their informed consent was included in the introductory section of the questionnaire, where the participants were required to confirm that they understood the research-related information and expressed their willingness to participate in the study by clicking an “Agree” button or checking a consent box.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.