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Authors
Sperling, Jessica https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2443-3762
Haseley, Erin
Quenstedt, Stella
Jones, Lauren Driggers
Brandsen, Sam
Brown, Adrian
Muhigaba, Perusi B.
Dawson, Geraldine
Engelhard, Matthew
Maslow, Gary
Goldstein, Benjamin A.
Franz, Lauren
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (NIH), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50HD093074, including supplement P50HD093074-08S1)
National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH127309)
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Article History
Received: 28 April 2026
Accepted: 23 September 2026
First Online: 10 October 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Duke University Health System IRB (Pro00111371); clinical trial number is not applicable. Participants were invited by email and provided eConsent, and all study procedures were conducted in accordance with applicable ethical guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki. For those requiring assistance, informed consent was reviewed by phone or via Zoom prior to study participation.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: Sam Brandsen: Co-owner All Neurotypes, LLC; independent contractor with UCLA, UNC TEACCH, George Mason; independent contractor Autism Society of America; postdoctoral researcher at U of Alberta, chair of TheraFriends Community Partnership. Geraldine Dawson: receives research support from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH MH121329); on the scientific advisory boards of the Nonverbal Learning Disability Project, Bristol Myers Squibb, Ignite BioMedical, Tris Pharma, and YAMO Pharmaceuticals; is a consultant for Guidepoint Global, LLC; receives funding for continuing education from University of California, Davis, and receives book royalties from Guilford Press, Oxford University Press, and Springer Nature; has developed technology, data, and/or products that have been licensed to Apple, Inc. and Dawson and Duke University have benefited financially; is a co-developer of Early Start Denver Model (ESDM) and receives royalties from materials. LF conducts research on and provides training in the ESDM as part of her academic role and reports no personal financial conflicts of interest related to ESDM. The academic medical organization with which most authors are affiliated is actively moving to implement an AI-based CPM considered in this paper, with a subset of authors involved this this planned implementation; the study described here was conceptualized in this context.
