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Article History

Received: 7 November 2022

Accepted: 1 June 2023

First Online: 16 June 2023

Declarations

:

: Approval for CPRD data access and the study protocol was granted by the CPRD Independent Scientific Advisory Committee (Project-ID: ISAC 13_177R), informed consent was waived for this retrospective study. Individual patients can opt-out of sharing their data for CPRD, and CPRD does not collect data for these patients. Approval for the study protocol and access to the CANTATA-D and CANTATA-D2 datasets was granted by the Yale University Open Data Access (YODA) Project Steering Committee and JANSSEN RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT, L.L.C (Project-ID: # 2017–1816), as part of which informed consent was waived for this retrospective study. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

: Not applicable.

: BAM is an employee of Wellcome Trust; holds honorary posts at the Alan Turing Institute and University College London for the purposes of carrying out independent research; and declares payments from the Medical Research Council, Health Data Research UK, British Heart Foundation, and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (grant EP/N510129/); the views expressed in this manuscript do not necessarily reflect the views of the Wellcome Trust. SJV declares support from the University of Warwick, University of Kaiserslautern, and German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence; consulting fees from PUMAS; stock from Freshflow; and grant funding from The Alan Turing Institute (EP/N510129), Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All other authors declare no competing interests.