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Article History

Received: 14 March 2023

Accepted: 19 August 2024

First Online: 30 September 2024

Declarations

:

: Ethics approval for this study was provided by the Dartmouth Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects on February 1, 2019. Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Montefiore Medical Center provided their authorization agreement to rely on Dartmouth’s approval on May 2, 2019. Ethics approval was provided by Barnes-Jewish Hospital Institutional Review Board on May 10, 2019. The Mayo Clinic provided ethics approval on May 7, 2019. Informed consent was obtained from all human participants.

: Not applicable.

: Glyn Elwyn has edited and published books that provide royalties on sales by the publishers: the books include Shared Decision Making (Oxford University Press) and Groups (Radcliffe Press). Glyn Elwyn’s academic interests are focused on shared decision making and coproduction. He owns copyright in measures of shared decision making and care integration, namely collaboRATE, integRATE (measure of care integration), consideRATE (patient experience of care in serious illness), coopeRATE (measure of goal setting), toleRATE (clinician attitude to shared decision making), Observer OPTION-5, and Observer OPTION-12 (observer measures of shared decision making). He has in the past provided consultancy for organizations, including: 1) Emmi Solutions, LLC who developed patient decision support tools; 2) National Quality Forum on the certification of decision support tools; 3) Washington State Health Department on the certification of decision support tools; 4) SciMentum LLC, Amsterdam (workshops for shared decision making). He is the Founder and Director of & think LLC, which owns the registered trademark for Option GridsTM patient decision aids; Founder and Director of SHARPNETWORK LLC, a provider of training for shared decision making. He provides advice in the domain of shared decision making and patient decision aids to: 1) Access Community Health Network, Chicago (Adviser to Federally Qualified Medical Centers); 2) EBSCO Health for Option GridsTM patient decision aids (consultant); 3) Bind on Demand Health Insurance (consultant); 4) PatientWisdom Inc (adviser); 5) abridge AI Inc (Chief Clinical Research Scientist). Glyn Elwyn and Marie-Anne Durand have developed the Option Grid conversation aids, which are licensed to EBSCO Health. They receive consulting income from EBSCO Health, and may receive royalties in the future. Marie-Anne Durand was a consultant for ACCESS Community Health Network until 2019. For all other co-authors, no other competing interests are declared.