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Article History

Received: 29 February 2024

Accepted: 8 October 2024

First Online: 26 November 2024

Declarations

:

: NER + L experiments use freely available open-access datasets accessible by data owners. SNOMED-CT and UMLS licences were obtained by all users at all hospital sites. Site specific ethics is listed below. KCH: This project operated under London South East Research Ethics Committee approval (reference 24/LO/0057) granted to the King’s Electronic Records Research Interface (KERRI); specific work on research on natural language processing for clinical coding was reviewed with expert patient input on the KERRI committee with Caldicott Guardian oversight. Governance is provided for all projects and dissemination through a patient-led oversight committee. Individual consent from participants was not required as the data is de-identified and used in a data-secure format, with all personal health information redacted. All patients who do not wish for their data to be used have the choice of national data opt-out (NDOO) which excludes their data from being used for subsequent research or audit projects.

: Not applicable: No informed consent was sought from individual persons, as no individual persons’ data is presented in this manuscript.

: JTT has previously received research grant support from Innovate UK, NHSX, Office of Life Sciences, NIHR, Health Data Research UK, Bristol-Meyers-Squibb and Pfizer; has received honorarium from Bayer, Bristol-Meyers-Squibb and Goldman Sachs; holds stock in Amazon, Alphabet, Nvidia; and receives royalties from Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. Other authors have no conflcts of interest to declare. Other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.