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Authors
Ren, Bingkui
Zhang, Yuping
Chen, Siying
Dai, Jinglong
Chong, Junci
Zhong, Yifei
Deng, Mengkai
Jiang, Shaobo
Chang, Zhigang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National High Level Hospital Clinical Research (BJ-2022-130)
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Article History
Received: 17 March 2025
Accepted: 1 July 2025
First Online: 15 July 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The REFRAIN study was approved by the appropriate Institutional Review Board (IRB) at each participating center, with the central unit being Beijing Hospital, and was granted approval by the Beijing Hospital Ethics Committee. The use of the eICU database was approved by the review committee of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All participants provided informed consent before inclusion in the study.
: The REFRAIN study is registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) under the registration number ChiCTR2400094140.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
