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Authors
Wang, Xueqi
Guo, Jianhua
Zhang, Tao
Lu, Huajun
Zhou, Dandan
Zhang, Haitao
Wang, Xuebin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2806-2065
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Key Discipline Support Initiative for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine within the Shanghai Health System (2023ZDFC0104)
Key Discipline Support Initiative for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine within the Shanghai Health System (2023ZDFC0104)
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Article History
Received: 8 July 2024
Accepted: 1 September 2025
First Online: 26 September 2025
Declarations
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: This retrospective chart review study involving human participants was in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Since this study was retrospective and only used the medical history data stored in the hospital’s electronic medical record system, after passing the ethical review, the Human Investigation Committee of Shanghai East Hospital approved this study and waived the requirement of informed consent.
: This retrospective study utilized data which stored in the hospital’s electronic medical records system. All patients’ data used in this study underwent strict de-identification and anonymization procedures to ensure patient privacy and confidentiality. The requirement for informed consent was waived by our institutional ethics committee.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
