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Article History

Received: 7 March 2025

Accepted: 10 September 2025

First Online: 29 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study uses publicly available anonymized cervical cancer data, obtained from the Kaggle and collected by Professor Carlos Caldas from Cambridge Research Institute and Professor Sam Aparicio from the British Columbia Cancer Centre in Canada, and published on Nature Communications [], exempting it from ethics review under 549 institutional guidelines. This dataset complies with Kaggle’s terms of use and relevant ethical guidelines for secondary data analysis.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.