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Authors
Pham, Minh-Khoi
Mai, Tai Tan
Crane, Martin
Brennan, Rob
Ward, Marie E.
Geary, Una
Byrne, Declan
O’Connell, Brian
Bergin, Colm
Creagh, Donncha
McDonald, Nick
Bezbradica, Marija
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Article History
Received: 5 August 2024
Accepted: 18 September 2025
First Online: 22 October 2025
Declarations
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: The study was conducted using a real-world anonymized dataset that was shared as part of the ARK risk management research project. Our study was approved by the St James Hospital’s institutional review board (TUH/SJH REC Project ID: 0291) and by Dublin City University Research Ethics Committee, Dublin, Ireland (DCUREC/2021/118). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of St James Hospital’s institutional review board because of the retrospective nature of the study and was also considered unnecessary according to national regulations at the time of the research. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, and in line with the ethical principles of the WMA Declaration of Helsinki (as amended in 2024), with strict safeguards to ensure patient confidentiality and privacy.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
