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Authors
Liu, Yanfang
Chen, Meiling
Chen, Peng
Lin, Xiaohui
Chen, Sangsang
Liu, Chaoning
Wang, Donghui
Deng, Hongxing
Li, Qinghua
Wu, Yuan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Guangxi Healthcare Appropriate Technology Development and Promotion Application Project (S2024037)
Guangxi Medical and health key cultivation discipline construction project (Guiwei Science and Education issued [2023] No. 1)
Guangxi Key Research and Development Program (AB23026017)
Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (2020GXNSFDA297012)
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Article History
Received: 29 May 2025
Accepted: 19 September 2025
First Online: 15 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study is a cross-sectional analysis utilizing data from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) database (). The PPMI study is registered with ClinicalTrials. gov (number NCT01141023, Registration Date: June 8, 2010) and has received ethical committee approval at all participating sites. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. For external validation, we enrolled 70 consecutive PD patients from the Department of Neurology at the Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University between February 2024 and March 2025. The study protocol was approved by the hospital’s Ethics Committee (Approval No. 2025IITLL-27), with all participants providing written informed consent.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
