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Article History

Received: 11 April 2025

Accepted: 6 October 2025

First Online: 26 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The Institutional Review Board of the College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, reviewed the study protocol and determined that it met the criteria for exemption from review. The study used the publicly available MIMIC-III database, which is accessible only to credentialed researchers who have completed human-subjects training and signed a data use agreement. All analyses complied with this agreement. For the LLM evaluation, 40 test cases were sampled, with small perturbations (≤ 3% random noise on numeric values and removal of all identifying metadata) applied to simulate synthetic-like examples. No protected health information (PHI) was used as input to the language model. The study therefore adhered to all applicable regulations and ethical standards governing the use of sensitive clinical data.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.