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Authors
Jo, Eunbeen
Cho, Eunbi
Lee, Yebin
Song, Sanghoun
Joo, Hyung Joon
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Korea National Institute of Health (2024-ER0807-00)
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Article History
Received: 1 July 2025
Accepted: 23 October 2025
First Online: 25 November 2025
<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Ethics declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Korea University Anam Hospital (IRB No. 2024AN0261). This study utilized pseudonymized medical data in accordance with Article 28 − 2 of South Korea’s Personal Information Protection Act (PIPA) and the 2024 Guideline for Healthcare Data Utilization (Ministry of Health and Welfare). The requirement for written informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board of Korea University Anam Hospital (IRB No. 2024AN0261) because this retrospective research involved secondary analysis of existing de-identified clinical data, posed minimal risk to participants, and complied with PIPA’s exemption provisions for pseudonymized data used in scientific research.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
