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Authors
Chen, Minjie
Li, Pengan
Xu, Yuanwen
Li, Zhenghui
Xiong, Yan
Wu, Jianhua
Pandya, Chintan
Wang, Yunuo
Huang, Guixin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project (2023A04J2185)
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Article History
Received: 11 July 2025
Accepted: 25 November 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Declarations
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: The use of the MIMIC-IV and eICU-CRD databases does not require additional institutional review approval because both datasets contain fully de-identified patient information and are publicly available under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Safe Harbor provision. Access to these databases was granted after completion of the required data-use training, and therefore patient consent was not required according to the database custodians’ policies. The SYSU cohort was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (IRB approval ID: 2022-097 and 2025-0108-004). Informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of de-identified clinical data. This study complied with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
