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Article History

Received: 23 June 2025

Accepted: 9 December 2025

First Online: 20 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision) and the CIOMS International Ethical Guidelines for Health-related Research Involving Humans (2016), and complied with the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (UNCST) National Guidelines . The study received ethical approval from the Mildmay Uganda Research Ethics Committee (MUREC) under reference number MUREC-2024–378 , with final clearance from UNCST . Written informed consent was obtained from all participating anesthesia providers using MUREC-approved consent materials. No identifiable patient information was collected. Data were stored on encrypted, access-controlled servers with access restricted to authorized study personnel. All procedures adhered to the ethical standards and regulatory requirements of MUREC and UNCST.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participating providers and anaesthesiologists for the publication of identifiable images in an online open-access academic journal. All participants were informed that these images may appear in scientific journals or presentations to illustrate the study’s methods or findings. They acknowledged and agreed that their identity may be recognizable in such materials and provided consent for the publication of this identifying information.

: The authors declare no competing interests.